The testimonies also shed light on the often invisible double burden carried by many migrant women: Alongside paid work that provides financial security or opportunities for professional development, they frequently take on a disproportionate share of unpaid reproductive labour – care, household, and community responsibilities. These demands are often intensified by the challenges of migration itself, including learning a new language, navigating unfamiliar systems and supporting family members abroad.

Many of the accounts reflect how women managed this “double shift” through resilience and mutual support. At the same time, they reveal efforts to make this often overlooked labour visible and to challenge unequal expectations. In private and public spheres alike, women advocated for greater recognition and a fairer division of care work, and fought for women’s rights and workers’ rights, contributing to broader social and political change.